Eczema: Causes, Triggers, Treatment, and Prevention www.drs.ng

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a common skin condition that causes inflammation, redness, itching, and dryness. It can affect people of all ages but is particularly common in children. While the exact cause of eczema is not fully understood, various factors contribute to its development. This article explores the causes, triggers, treatment options, and preventive measures for eczema.

Causes of Eczema

Eczema is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some key causes include:

1. Genetic Factors – Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever are more likely to develop the condition. A genetic mutation affecting the skin barrier function can make the skin more susceptible to irritation and infection.
2. Immune System Dysfunction – An overactive immune response to environmental factors can lead to skin inflammation, causing eczema flare-ups.
3. Skin Barrier Defects – A deficiency in filaggrin, a protein that helps maintain the skin’s barrier, can result in increased moisture loss and vulnerability to irritants and allergens.

Common Triggers of Eczema

While eczema is a chronic condition, certain factors can trigger or worsen symptoms. These triggers vary from person to person but commonly include:

1. Irritants – Soaps, detergents, fragrances, and certain fabrics like wool can irritate sensitive skin.
2. Allergens – Pollen, pet dander, dust mites, and mould can trigger eczema flare-ups.
3. Weather Conditions – Cold, dry air can dry out the skin, while hot, humid weather can cause excessive sweating, leading to irritation.
4. Stress – Emotional stress can weaken the immune system, leading to increased inflammation and worsening eczema symptoms.
5. Dietary Factors – Some individuals may experience flare-ups after consuming dairy, eggs, nuts, or other allergenic foods.
6. Infections – Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can exacerbate eczema by causing further irritation and inflammation.

Treatment Options for Eczema

There is no cure for eczema, but several treatment options help manage symptoms effectively:

1. Moisturisers and Emollients – Regularly applying fragrance-free moisturisers helps keep the skin hydrated and strengthens the skin barrier.
2. Topical Corticosteroids – These anti-inflammatory creams or ointments reduce redness and itching during flare-ups.
3. Antihistamines – Oral antihistamines may help reduce itching and improve sleep in severe cases.
4. Immunosuppressants – For severe eczema, doctors may prescribe immunomodulators like tacrolimus or pimecrolimus.
5. Phototherapy (Light Therapy) – Exposure to controlled ultraviolet (UV) light can help reduce inflammation and itching.
6. Biologic Medications – Injectable medications like dupilumab target specific immune pathways involved in eczema and are used for severe cases.
7. Avoiding Triggers – Identifying and minimising exposure to triggers can significantly reduce flare-ups.

Preventing Eczema Flare-ups

Although eczema cannot always be prevented, adopting certain lifestyle changes can help minimise the risk of flare-ups:

1. Maintain Skin Hydration – Use fragrance-free, hypoallergenic moisturisers daily to keep the skin hydrated.
2. Use Gentle Skincare Products – Avoid harsh soaps, detergents, and skincare products with fragrances and dyes.
3. Wear Comfortable Clothing – Opt for soft, breathable fabrics like cotton instead of wool or synthetic materials.
4. Manage Stress – Engage in relaxation techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, or exercise to reduce stress levels.
5. Modify Diet – If certain foods trigger symptoms, consider eliminating them from your diet under medical supervision.
6. Protect Against Harsh Weather – Use a humidifier in dry conditions and wear protective clothing during cold weather.
7. Practice Good Hygiene – Wash hands regularly to prevent infections and keep fingernails short to avoid excessive scratching.

Conclusion

Eczema is a chronic skin condition that requires ongoing management, but with the right treatment and preventive strategies, individuals can lead a comfortable life. By understanding the causes, identifying triggers, and implementing appropriate skincare routines, eczema symptoms can be effectively controlled. If symptoms persist or worsen, consulting a dermatologist for personalised treatment is recommended.